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Chemical scale prevention mainly involves ion exchange, chemical dosing, or staged acid washing. These chemical methods are widely used in boiler water treatment and industrial water treatment, and have excellent scale prevention effects, but the cost is also quite high.
Taking sodium ion exchangers as an example, my country generally uses sodium ion exchangers with a salt consumption of 250-500 grams per mole. This means that for every 20 grams of calcium ions or 12 grams of magnesium ions removed from the water, 250-500 grams of salt are needed. It's easy to imagine how serious the pollution to groundwater is. Water is a precious resource for the Earth and for humanity. To prevent groundwater pollution, the United States has banned the use of sodium ion exchangers. Prior to this, the US first restricted the use of sodium ion exchangers, stipulating that those with a salt consumption exceeding 110 grams per mole were not allowed, then further prohibiting those with a salt consumption exceeding 90 grams per mole, and ultimately banning the use of sodium ion exchangers altogether.
Currently, many industrial circulating water systems rely on chemical dosing, such as scale inhibitors. However, at low temperatures and in cooling water systems, microorganisms thrive, and many scale inhibitors often act as nutrient sources for these microorganisms. Therefore, large amounts of bactericides, algaecides, and balancing agents are typically added along with scale inhibitors. Furthermore, the chemical agents themselves cause significant corrosion to equipment and pipelines. While staged acid washing is relatively simple, it requires equipment shutdown, disrupting production and is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Additionally, the environmental pollution from the cleaning wastewater is substantial.
In conclusion, in today's world, where environmental protection and sustainable development are increasingly emphasized, chemical descaling is demonstrating increasingly clear limitations.
