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1. Product Water (Water Flux)
Product water (water flux) – refers to the production capacity of a reverse osmosis system, i.e., the amount of water permeating through the membrane per unit time, usually expressed in tons per hour or gallons per day.
Permeate Flow Rate – Permeate flow rate is also an important indicator of the product water output of a reverse osmosis membrane element. It refers to the flow rate of permeate per unit membrane area, usually expressed in gallons per square foot per day (GFD). Excessively high permeate flow rate will lead to a faster water velocity perpendicular to the membrane surface, exacerbating membrane fouling.
2. Recovery Rate
Recovery Rate – refers to the percentage of feed water converted into product water or permeate in the membrane system. The recovery rate of the membrane system is determined during the design phase, based on the preset feed water quality. The recovery rate is generally desired to be maximized to improve economic efficiency, but its limit should be set at the point where the membrane system will not experience precipitation due to supersaturation of impurities such as salts.
Recovery Rate = (Product Water Flow Rate/Feed Water Flow Rate) × 100%
